April 30, 2025
Socioeconomic variations in the proportions of stroke attributable to reproductive profiles among postmenopausal women in China | BMC Medicine
  • GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):795–820.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma Q, Li R, Wang L, Yin P, Wang Y, Yan C, et al. Temporal trend and attributable risk factors of stroke burden in China, 1990–2019: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Public health. 2021;6(12):e897–906.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385–438.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryu WS, Chung J, Schellingerhout D, Jeong SW, Kim HR, Park JE, et al. Biological mechanism of sex difference in stroke manifestation and outcomes. Neurology. 2023;100(24):e2490–503.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu ZB, Lu ZX, Zhu F. Age at menarche, age at menopause, reproductive years and risk of fatal stroke occurrence among Chinese women: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21(1):433.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu D, Chung HF, Dobson AJ, Pandeya N, Giles GG, Bruinsma F, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Public health. 2019;4(11):e553–64.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Iorga A, Cunningham CM, Moazeni S, Ruffenach G, Umar S, Eghbali M. The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8(1):33.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Welten S, Onland-Moret NC, Boer JMA, Verschuren WMM, van der Schouw YT. Age at menopause and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. 2021;52(8):2583–91.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardissino M, Slob EAW, Carter P, Rogne T, Girling J, Burgess S, et al. Sex-specific reproductive factors augment cardiovascular disease risk in women: a Mendelian randomization study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(5):e027933.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosendaal NTA, Pirkle CM. Age at first birth and risk of later-life cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the literature, its limitation, and recommendations for future research. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):627.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen AP, Egerup P, Kolte AM, Westergaard D, Torp-Pedersen C, Nielsen HS, et al. Pregnancy loss and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a nationwide partner comparison cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(15):e028620.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoth K, Chandan JS, Marshall T, Thangaratinam S, Thomas GN, Nirantharakumar K, et al. Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review. BMJ. 2020;371:m3502.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan SS, Brewer LC, Canobbio MM, Cipolla MJ, Grobman WA, Lewey J, et al. Optimizing prepregnancy cardiovascular health to improve outcomes in pregnant and postpartum individuals and offspring: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147(7):e76–91.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li H, Zheng W. Pregnancy, childrearing, and risk of stroke in Chinese women. Stroke. 2009;40(8):2680–4.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer M, Rehman S, Ottavi T, Stankovich J, Gall S, Peterson G, et al. Urban-rural differences in the care and outcomes of acute stroke patients: systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2019;397:63–74.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • See RS, Thompson F, Russell S, Quigley R, Esterman A, Harriss LR, et al. Potentially modifiable dementia risk factors in all Australians and within population groups: an analysis using cross-sectional survey data. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(9):e717–25.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Welberry HJ, Tisdell CC, Huque MH, Jorm LR. Have we been underestimating modifiable dementia risk? An alternative approach for calculating the combined population attributable fraction (PAF) for modifiable dementia risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(10):1763–71.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Brayne C. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):788–94.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Lee L, Chen J, Collins R, Wu F, Guo Y, et al. Cohort profile: the Kadoorie Study of Chronic Disease in China (KSCDC). Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34(6):1243–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Chen J, Collins R, Guo Y, Peto R, Wu F, et al. China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people: survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow-up. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(6):1652–66.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li LM, Lv J, Guo Y, Collins R, Chen JS, Peto R, et al. [The China Kadoorie Biobank: related methodology and baseline characteristics of the participants]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2012;33(3):249–55.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewington S, Li L, Murugasen S, Hong LS, Yang L, Guo Y, et al. Temporal trends of main reproductive characteristics in ten urban and rural regions of China: the China Kadoorie biobank study of 300 000 women. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(4):1252–62.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Li L, Peters SAE, Clarke R, Guo Y, Chen Y, et al. Age at menarche and incidence of diabetes: a prospective study of 300,000 women in China. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(2):190–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun W, Shan S, Hou L, Li S, Cao J, Wu J, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in the association of age at first live birth with incident stroke among Chinese parous women: a prospective cohort study. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04091.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Shen L, Wu J, Xu G, Song L, Yang S, et al. Parity and risk of stroke among Chinese women: cross-sectional evidence from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16992.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowthian E, Page N, Melendez-Torres GJ, Murphy S, Hewitt G, Moore G. Using latent class analysis to explore complex associations between socioeconomic status and adolescent health and well-being. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2021;69(5):774–81.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao M, Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang R, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to unhealthy metabolic status, and vascular disease in Chinese adults: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003351.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou L, Li S, Zhu S, Yi Q, Liu W, Wu Y, et al. Lifetime cumulative effect of reproductive factors on stroke and its subtypes in postmenopausal Chinese women: a prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2023;100(15):e1574–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin ML. The occurrence of lung cancer in man. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum. 1953;9(3):531–41.

    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Whitsel E, Avery C, Hughes TM, Griswold ME, Sedaghat S, et al. Variation in population attributable fraction of dementia associated with potentially modifiable risk factors by race and ethnicity in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(7):e2219672.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee GB, Nam GE, Kim W, Han B, Cho KH, Kim SM, et al. Association between premature menopause and cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality in Korean women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(22):e030117.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren Z, Yi Q, Hou L, Luk TT, Qiu Y, Xia W, et al. Lactation duration and the risk of subtypes of stroke among parous postmenopausal women from the China Kadoorie Biobank. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e220437.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang C, Chung HF, Dobson AJ, Hayashi K, van der Schouw YT, Kuh D, et al. Infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and risk of stroke: pooled analysis of individual patient data of 618 851 women. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2022;377:e070603.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang C, Chung HF, Dobson AJ, Mishra GD. Infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, and the risk of stroke among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2022;53(2):328–37.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters SA, Woodward M. Women’s reproductive factors and incident cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2018;104(13):1069–75.

    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker DR, Lu B, Sands-Lincoln M, Kroenke CH, Lee CC, O’Sullivan M, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal women with prior pregnancy loss: the women’s health initiative. Ann Fam Med. 2014;12(4):302–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kharazmi E, Dossus L, Rohrmann S, Kaaks R. Pregnancy loss and risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective population-based cohort study (EPIC-Heidelberg). Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2011;97(1):49–54.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Wang Z, Xu H, Chen X, Teng P, Ma L. Genetic liability to age at first sex and birth in relation to cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med Genomics. 2023;16(1):75.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra SR, Waller M, Chung HF, Mishra GD. Association of the length of oestrogen exposure with risk of incident stroke in postmenopausal women: insights from a 20-year prospective study. Int J Cardiol. 2021;328:206–14.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra SR, Chung HF, Waller M, Mishra GD. Duration of estrogen exposure during reproductive years, age at menarche and age at menopause, and risk of cardiovascular disease events, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2021;128(5):809–21.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisabeth L, Bushnell C. Stroke risk in women: the role of menopause and hormone therapy. The Lancet Neurology. 2012;11(1):82–91.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Endemann DH, Schiffrin EL. Endothelial dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(8):1983–92.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BCV, Khatri P. Stroke. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10244):129–42.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Germain AM, Romanik MC, Guerra I, Solari S, Reyes MS, Johnson RJ, et al. Endothelial dysfunction: a link among preeclampsia, recurrent pregnancy loss, and future cardiovascular events? Hypertension. 2007;49(1):90–5.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosmond R, Björntorp P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. J Intern Med. 2000;247(2):188–97.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Iob E, Steptoe A. Cardiovascular disease and hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of chronic stress. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(10):116.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlberg J, Tillmar L, Ekman B, Lindahl TL, Landberg E. Effects of prolactin on platelet activation and blood clotting. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73(3):221–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson EP, Hedderson MM, Chiang V, Crites Y, Walton D, Azevedo RA, et al. Lactation intensity and postpartum maternal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with recent GDM: the SWIFT cohort. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(1):50–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallio MJ, Siimes MA, Perheentupa J, Salmenperä L, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in mothers during and after prolonged exclusive lactation. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 1992;41(12):1327–30.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Tang K. The patterns and social determinants of breastfeeding in 12 selected regions in China: a population-based cross-sectional study. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2020;36(3):436–47.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kington R, Lillard L, Rogowski J. Reproductive history, socioeconomic status, and self-reported health status of women aged 50 years or older. Am J Public Health. 1997;87(1):33–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Zhao Z. Women’s education and fertility in China. China Econ Rev. 2023;78:101936.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawlor DA, Emberson JR, Ebrahim S, Whincup PH, Wannamethee SG, Walker M, et al. Is the association between parity and coronary heart disease due to biological effects of pregnancy or adverse lifestyle risk factors associated with child-rearing? Findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and the British Regional Heart Study. Circulation. 2003;107(9):1260–4.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Faramarzi E, Somi MH, Tutunchi H, Almaspour H, Sanaie S, Asemani S. The association of parity number with multimorbidity and polypharmacy among Iranian women in the Azarcohort: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):295.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Halland F, Morken NH, DeRoo LA, Klungsøyr K, Wilcox AJ, Skjærven R. Association of women’s reproductive history with long-term mortality and effect of socioeconomic factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(6):1181–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovic D, de Mestral C, Bochud M, Bartley M, Kivimäki M, Vineis P, et al. The contribution of health behaviors to socioeconomic inequalities in health: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2018;113:15–31.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stormacq C, Van den Broucke S, Wosinski J. Does health literacy mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and health disparities? Integrative review. Health promotion international. 2019;34(5):e1–17.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Women’s reproductive health factors and body adiposity: findings from the UK Biobank. International journal of obesity (2005). 2016;40(5):803–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu K, McKnight B, Stergachis A, Daling JR, Levine RS. Comparison of self-report data and medical records data: results from a case-control study on prostate cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28(3):409–17.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *